Joanna Zembrzuska, Magdalena Frańska, Grzegorz Schroeder, Rafał Frański,
Biodegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates and dodecyl ethoxylates (C9H19-C6H4-(OCH2CH2)n-OH and C12H25-(OCH2CH2)n-OH, respectively) in river water in a static die-away test was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using the Applied Biosystems quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer Model 4000 QTrap. Surfactants containing 2-4 ethoxylene units may be regarded as persistent metabolites of longer surfactants. Homologues C9H19-C6H4-(OCH2CH2) 5-OH and C12H25-(OCH2CH2) 5-OH underwent substantial biodegradation till the 9th day of the test, their further biodegradation proceeded very slowly. The longer homologues (n > 5) were fully biodegraded during the test. Although the biodegradation of the surfactants studied consisted in shortening the ethoxylene chain (hydrophilic part), it was found that the hydrophobic part also affected their biodegradation. More...
Andrzej Kołodziej, Mieczysław Jaroszyński, Bożena Janus, Tadeusz Kleszcz,
Reactive separation (RS) is the combination of a chemical (catalytic) reaction and a separation technique. For reactive distillation (RD), the reaction is combined with distillation. Rapid development of RS is the result of growing environmental demands and increasing energy costs. Several processes are performed using RD, such as esterification, etherification (fuel antiknocks), and hydrodesulphurisation. Other RS techniques also develop rapidly. However, the success has not come without some serious problems. The heterogeneous proton catalysts still do not meet the requirements of many processes. The column internals with a built-in catalyst are rather sparse and expensive and their characteristics are not studied well enough. Therefore intensive studies are still being performed. This study presents a brief summary of the processes realisable with the usage of reactive distillation, catalysts, and column internals. Some interesting research results and application examples are also quoted. More...
Iwona Rykowska, Wiesław Wasiak,
This study investigated the possibility of determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in triethanolamine by GC-FID methods. Triethanolamine is a component of many pharmaceuticals, including Lamiderm and Ketoprofen. According to the 5th European Pharmacopoeia, the maximum permissible concentration of N-itrosodiethanolamine is 25 ppb. N-nitrosodiethanolamine is characterized by high volatility and low concentration in real samples. Thus, vacuum distillation was applied for the preconcentration of an analyte. Chromatographic separation was performed using a J&W Scientific DB-WAX (30 m x 0.251 mm; DF = 0.25 µm) capillary column. The method was linear from 8 ppb to 1 ppm (R2 = 0.9995). According to the definition of the International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the detection limit (S/N = 3) of the present method for N-nitrosodiethanolamine is 7 ppm. The proposed GC-FID method is an efficient method for the separation and quantitative determination of N-itrosodiethanolamine. More...
Shiro Kiyoyama, Koichiro Shimori, Masahiro Yoshida,
Large-diameter and through-hole type microcapsule with entrapped trioctylamine (TOA) as an extractant were prepared by (W/O/W) emulsification and in-situ polymerization method. The morphologies of the microcapsules, their encapsulation efficiencies for TOA, and their forward and back extraction properties for palladium(II) were investigated. The microcapsules ranged in size from 210-420 µm. The encapsulation efficiency of TOA was approximately 100% for all the microcapsules, which indicates minimal loss of TOA during preparation of the microcapsules. Through-hole type microcapsules were obtained when inner aqueous phase contained a high concentration of sodium chloride, and at a moderate agitation speed in the first emulsification. With the through-hole type microcapsules the extraction equilibrium approached one, and the extraction rate was very high compared to other preparation conditions and (O/W) type microcapsules. More...
Gryzelda Poźniak, Ryszard Poźniak,
Separation performance of micellar and polymer enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF and PEUF) and polymer enhanced dialysis (PED) processes in Fe(II) and Fe(III) removal have been evaluated. The sulfonated and aminated derivatives of poly(phenylene oxide) have been tested as a material for membrane preparation while sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and poly(acrylic acid) served as surfactant and complexion polymers, respectively. It has been shown that hybrid membrane processes: MEUF, PEUF and PED can be valuable alternative for the removal of iron cations from aqueous media. More...
Edward Sobczak, Krzysztof Żywociński, Jerzy Kasprzak,
The results of drying kinetics are usually correlated with the linear flow of evaporated water depending on its content in the dried material. Investigation into the kinetics of drying vegetables such as: carrot, parsley, radish, celery and red beet, was the main aim of the present work in the bed fountain at temperatures close to ambient temperatures. Another aim of these investigations was to study the influence on the process of its three basic parameters: time, temperature, and moisture. More...
Sylwia Lipiecka, Artur Domaszewicz, Katarzyna Szeflińska, Włodzimierz Urbaniak,
A new method of asbestos determination for quantitative analysis in environmental samples, e.g., soil and water has been developed. The proposed procedure is inexpensive and relatively fast and easy. It can be used e.g. for quantitative determination of asbestos in the soil after the removal of asbestos containing materials for confirmation of the efficiency of work executed. A Polish Patent Application for the procedure of asbestos determination and an analytical set for asbestos determination have been prepared. The analytical set for asbestos determination is based on optical microscopy with optional phase contrast, and is equipped with a digital camera connected to a computer with the appropriate software. The procedure of determination involves leaching the asbestos fibers from the soil and subsequently investigation of leachate by optical microscope. A surface active agent is used for a better leaching of the asbestos fibers. It has been shown, that application of the surface active agent for analysis improves the accuracy of determination. We would like to briefly present the proposed procedure of asbestos determination and the results of studies on the optimization of this procedure, especially in soils. More...
Katarzyna Sobianowska, Władysław Walkowiak, Cezary Kozłowski,
This article reviews more than 50 references covering the solvent sublation as one of the adsorptive bubble separation methods for organic and inorganic coumpounds removal from aqueous solutions, which were published last 50 years. The solvent sublation is very simple, effective and fast process for removal and separation of chemical compounds from dilute aqueous solutions and can be treated as preconcentration method in their analytical determination. This review concerns the fundamentals of solvent sublation process and desribes the factors determinating the process (temperature, composition of initial aqueous solution, pH, ionic strength, surfactants and ligands presence, organic solvent presence with additives and gas bubble generation). The examples of metal ions selective removal (Table 1) and organic coupounds removal (Table 2) are shown. More...
Edward Sobczak, Wojciech Korpal,
A mathematical model, describing the dependence of the composition of the vapour resulting from the liquid composition for a positive azeotrope... More...
Copyright © 2010 - 2012 Faculty Of Chemical Technology And Engineering, University Of Technology And Life Science
Webmaster Krzysztof Żywociński